The in vitro Alkaline Comet Assay is a microgel electrophoresis technique which allows to measure DNA damage (single and double strand breaks, alkali labile sites, incomplete excision repair sites and cross links) cell by cell. Cells are mixed with 0.8% Low Melting Point Agarose which is spread as a

The Ames test is a short-term bacterial reverse gene mutation assay specifically designed to detect a wide range of chemical substances that can produce genetic damage that leads to permanent gene mutations. The test has been described in detail in OECD TG 471 and employs several histidine dependent

Alkaline comet assay (COM) and Micronucleus test (MN) are well-established cytogenetic tests that are used to detect both immediate damages i.e. DNA fragmentation, and permanent damage which results in micronuclei formation. These techniques are often applied separately or, sometimes, in combination

Experiments were conducted using human induced pluripotent stem cells supplemented with hiPSC derived astrocytes and their reagents can be obtained commercially and cultured as per manufacturer’s instructions. One day before plating the cells, each 48-well MEA plate was pre-coated with a

Experiments were conducted using cortical cells that contains glutamatergic and gabaergic neurons and glia. Primary neurons were freshly dissociated from embryonic E18-19 rat cortices as described previously and plated onto 48-well MEA plates (Maestro system, Axion Biosystems). HOne day before